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Compare Arctic Ocean (2001) - New Caledonia (2008)

Compare Arctic Ocean (2001) z New Caledonia (2008)

 Arctic Ocean (2001)New Caledonia (2008)
 Arctic OceanNew Caledonia
Administrative divisions - none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named Province des Iles, Province Nord, and Province Sud
Age structure - 0-14 years: 27.9% (male 31,578/female 30,270)


15-64 years: 65.3% (male 72,821/female 72,109)


65 years and over: 6.8% (male 7,047/female 8,118) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products - vegetables; beef, deer, other livestock products; fish
Airports - 25 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways - total: 12


over 3,047 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 9


under 914 m: 2 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total: 13


914 to 1,523 m: 7


under 914 m: 6 (2007)
Area total:
14.056 million sq km

note:
includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies
total: 19,060 sq km


land: 18,575 sq km


water: 485 sq km
Area - comparative slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US slightly smaller than New Jersey
Background The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean. Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century, the island was made a French possession in 1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864. Agitation for independence during the 1980s and early 1990s ended in the 1998 Noumea Accord, which over a period of 15 to 20 years will transfer an increasing amount of governing responsibility from France to New Caledonia. The agreement also commits France to conduct as many as three referenda between 2013 and 2018, to decide whether New Caledonia should assume full sovereignty and independence.
Birth rate - 17.75 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget - revenues: $996 million


expenditures: $1.072 billion (2001 est.)
Capital - name: Noumea


geographic coordinates: 22 16 S, 166 27 E


time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
Coastline 45,389 km 2,254 km
Constitution - 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Country name - conventional long form: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies


conventional short form: New Caledonia


local long form: Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances


local short form: Nouvelle-Caledonie
Death rate - 5.72 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external - $79 million (1998 est.)
Dependency status - territorial collectivity of France since 1998
Diplomatic representation from the US - none (overseas territory of France)
Diplomatic representation in the US - none (overseas territory of France)
Disputes - international some maritime disputes (see littoral states) Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu
Economic aid - recipient - $524.3 million annual subsidy from France (2004)
Economy - overview Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals. New Caledonia has about 25% of the world's known nickel resources. Only a small amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts for about 20% of imports. In addition to nickel, substantial financial support from France - equal to more than 15% of GDP - and tourism are keys to the health of the economy. Substantial new investment in the nickel industry, combined with the recovery of global nickel prices, brightens the economic outlook for the next several years.
Electricity - consumption - 1.403 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - production - 1.508 billion kWh (2005)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Fram Basin -4,665 m

highest point:
sea level 0 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: Mont Panie 1,628 m
Environment - current issues endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires
Ethnic groups - Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
Exchange rates - Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - NA (2007), 95.025 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003)
Executive branch - chief of state: President Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16 May 2007); represented by High Commissioner Yves DASSONVILLE (since 9 November 2007)


head of government: President of the Government Harold MARTIN (since 7 August 2007)


cabinet: Cabinet consisting of 11 members elected from and by the Territorial Congress


elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the government elected by the members of the Territorial Congress for a five-year term (no term limits); note - last election held 7 August 2007 when Harold MARTIN was elected following the resignation of Marie-Noelle THEMEREAU as president on 24 July 2007 (next to be held in 2012)
Exports - 605.7 bbl/day (2004)
Exports - commodities - ferronickels, nickel ore, fish
Exports - partners - Japan 17.4%, France 15.9%, Taiwan 14.5%, China 10.8%, Spain 9.4%, Belgium 7.3%, Italy 6%, Australia 4.6% (2006)
Fiscal year - calendar year
Flag description - the flag of France is used
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture: 15%


industry: 8.8%


services: 76.2% (2003)
GDP - real growth rate - NA%
Geographic coordinates 90 00 N, 0 00 E 21 30 S, 165 30 E
Geography - note major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of the largest in the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaute, and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls
Heliports - 6 (2007)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Imports - 11,980 bbl/day (2004)
Imports - commodities - machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports - partners - France 39.4%, Singapore 15.1%, Australia 11.3%, NZ 4.8% (2006)
Independence - none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new referendum is scheduled for 2014
Industrial production growth rate - -0.6% (1996)
Industries - nickel mining and smelting
Infant mortality rate - total: 7.42 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 8.12 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 6.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 1.4% (2000 est.)
International organization participation - ITUC, PIF (associate member), SPC, UPU, WFTU, WMO
Irrigated land - 100 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch - Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; County Courts; Joint Commerce Tribunal Court; Children's Court
Labor force - 78,990 (2004)
Labor force - by occupation - agriculture: 20%


industry: 20%


services: 60% (2002)
Land boundaries - 0 km
Land use - arable land: 0.32%


permanent crops: 0.22%


other: 99.46% (2005)
Languages - French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
Legal system - based on French civil law; the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands
Legislative branch - unicameral Territorial Congress or Congres du territoire (54 seats; members belong to the three Provincial Assemblies or Assemblees Provinciales elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 9 May 2004 (next to be held in 2009)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPCR-UMP 16, AE 16, UNI-FLNKS 8, UC 7, FN 4, others 3


note: New Caledonia currently holds one seat in the French Senate; by 2010, New Caledonia will gain a second seat in the French Senate; elections last held 24 September 2001 (next to be held not later than September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 1; New Caledonia also elects two seats to the French National Assembly; elections last held 10 and 17 June 2007 (next to be held on June 2012); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 2
Life expectancy at birth - total population: 74.5 years


male: 71.52 years


female: 77.63 years (2007 est.)
Literacy - definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 96.2%


male: 96.8%


female: 95.5% (1996 census)
Location body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia
Map references Arctic Region Oceania
Maritime claims - territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Merchant marine - total: 2 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,566 GRT/2,543 DWT


by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1 (2007)
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of France
Military branches - no regular indigenous military forces; French Armed Forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie); Police Force
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - NA
National holiday - Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Nationality - noun: New Caledonian(s)


adjective: New Caledonian
Natural hazards ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May cyclones, most frequent from November to March
Natural resources sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales) nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper
Net migration rate - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population


note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia (2007 est.)
Political parties and leaders - Alliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX]; Caledonian Union or UC; Federation des Comites de Coordination des Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; Front National or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK [Ernest UNE]; Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS (includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de Liberation Kanak or PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE and Elie POIGOUNE]; Rally for Caledonia in the Republic (anti independence) or RPCR-UMP [Jacques LAFLEUR]; The Future Together or AE [Harold MARTIN]; Union Nationale pour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; note - may no longer exist, but Paul NEAOUTYINE has since become a president of Parti de Liberation Kanak or PALIKA; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM [Victor TUTUGORO]
Political pressure groups and leaders - NA
Population - 221,943 (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line - NA%
Population growth rate - 1.203% (2007 est.)
Ports and harbors Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US) -
Radio broadcast stations - AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)
Religions - Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%
Sex ratio - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.043 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.868 male(s)/female


total population: 1.009 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage - 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system - general assessment: NA


domestic: a submarine cable network connection between New Caledonia and Australia, scheduled for completion in 2008, will improve high-speed connectivity and access to international networks


international: country code - 687; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use - 55,300 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 134,300 (2005)
Television broadcast stations - 6 (plus 25 repeaters) (1997)
Terrain central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge) coastal plains with interior mountains
Total fertility rate - 2.25 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate - 17.1% (2004)
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